职称英语考试综合类语法分析

引导语：为了帮助各位考生更好的备考，下面小编为大家整理精选了职称英语考试综合类语法分析，希望能帮助到大家，谢谢您的阅读。

一、非谓语动词的句法功能：

一个典型的句子共有以下五个基本成分：

主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语

这里要讨论的是当英语中的一个动词处在主语、宾语、定语和状语位置时怎么处理，即非谓语成分时怎么处理。

1.主语：

首先，"to do" 和 "-ing"形式具有名词性，"-ed "不具备名词性。也就是说，"to do" 和 "-ing"可以做主语，例如：

To learn a foreign language is not an easy thing. (= It is not an easy thing to learn English.)

Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing.

问题是这两种表达方式有没有区别。语法上没有对或错的区别，因此不是语法考试的重点

一般讲，"to do"较具体的行为或状态，"-ing"表示较笼统的概念，如"学习外语对我来说并非易事"一般用"to do"来表达：To learn a foreign language. is not an easy thing for me. (或：It is not an easy thing for me to learn a foreign language.)

从应试角度讲，只要记住下面两个特殊句型就可以了：

It is no use (或good) + ing结构，例如：

It is no use quarreling with her. (和她争吵没有用。考试时不要选to quarrel with her)

There is no + ing 结构，例如：

There is no denying that women are playing more and more important roles in the world today.(不可否认，在当今世界上，妇女正发挥越来越重要的作用。)

There is no joking about this matter. (这事开不得玩笑。)

2.宾语

如上所述，非谓语动词"to do"或"-ing"当主语时，没有特别的语法要求。但是，当宾语时，就有一个用"to do"还是"-ing"的问题。大家还记得这个规定吗?如果忘了，请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第三句型".这是考试的一个重点。在以往的职称考试中，此项一般要占2-3道题目。

关于非谓语动词做宾语补足语的问题，请复习"第二讲"中"五个基本句型"的"第五句型".

3.定语

也就是做名词的修饰语。只要牢记本讲"非谓语动词的时态和语态意义"一节中的内容，就不难理解非谓语动词做定语的问题。非谓语动词做定语，本质上是"定语从句"，例如：

Where is the house built last year?

= Where is the house that(或which)was built last year (去年建造的那栋房子哪儿去了?)

Do you see the house being built there ?

= Do you see the house that (或which) is being built there?(看见那边那栋正在建造的房子了吗?)

The house to be built next month will be our dorm.

= The house that (或which) will be built (或that is to be built) next month will be our dorm.(下月要建造的那栋房子将是我们的宿舍。)

也就是说，只要把握好"时间状语"和"语态(先行词与动词的关系)"，非谓语动词做定语的考试选项比较容易，出题几率也比较低。

有人可能会问：

I have a letter to write 和I have a letter to be written两个句子中的黑体部分都是做"letter"的定语，为什么一个用主动，另一个用被动语态。一般来说，当动词(write)的行为者就是句子的主语(I)时，用主动语态。因此，这两个句子的内涵是有些区别的。但由于考试形式的局限性，一般不会考这种区别的。

下面把非谓语动词中其他几个重要问题用实例说明一下：

关于"不定式"作后置状语的举例(注意黑体字部分的表达形式)：

1) She was so angry as to be unable to speak. (她气得连话都说不出来了。)

2) I don't know her well enough to ask her for help.(我与她不太熟悉，不便请她帮忙。)

3) She was too angry to say anything.(她气得什么都说不出来了。)

4) I'm only too glad to help you.

注意与例3)的区别：only too与happy, pleased, glad 等词使用时，表示"非常"：我非常愿意帮助你(能帮助你真是太高兴了)。

5) We waited in the train for nearly three hours, only to be told that the appointment had been canceled. (only to…表示意想不到的结果：我们在雨中等了近3个小时，结果被告知约会取消了。)

6) To be fair, he has been working very hard recently.(公平地说，他最近工作一直非常努力。类似的表达方式还有：

to tell the truth(说实话), to be frank(老实说)，to go without saying (不用说 / 毫无疑问) 等。

关于分词做后置状语的举例 (注意括号中句子的演变过程)：

1) She received an E-mail from her brother, saying that her mother was seriously ill. (她收到她兄弟发来的一份电子邮件，(邮件上)说她母亲病得很厉害。= She received an E-mail from her brother, which(= an E-mail)said that her mother was seriously ill)

2) Serious infection may develop in some patients, resulting in death. (有些病人会发生严重感染，导致死亡。(= Serious infection may develop in some patients, which results in death.)

3) The guests entered the office, accompanied by the manager. (客人在经理陪同下走进办公室。 = The guests entered the office, who were accompanied by the manager.)

关于"动词不定式"的补充说明：